American RSD Lawrence Livermore Reality

USARSD RS-500 Lawrence Livermore Realistic Phantom                                                       

Overview 

Global reference standard for in vivo counts

The Lawrence Livermore Realistic Phantom was developed under the guidance of the U.S. Department of Energy primarily as a reference standard for in vivo emission counting of low-energy transuranic nuclides. The organs studied were the lungs, liver and lymph nodes. Each may be radioactive or inert. These organs are housed in a male's chest and generally resemble those of an average adult male. This phantom consists of a synthetic skeletal skeleton molded in soft tissue equivalent material.

The Lawrence Livermore Realistic Phantom System includes: torso and mesh torso covering, inert heart, lungs, lymph nodes, liver and liver capsule or abdominal contents. All blocks required for organ location and soft tissue continuity within the trunk；Documentation；Shipping and storage cases.

Organs: All organs are made of soft tissue equivalent materials. The radionuclides of the lungs are evenly dispersed in the lung molding material. optional organ (byRSD development, not part of the original DOE specification) is inert but has holes in the 2cm2 grid. These can either be filled with inert plugs or active capsules to establish any desired distribution within the lungs.

Liver offers the same loading flexibility, another option designed for use with solutions with relatively short half-lives. This liver is a hollow shell with a filling/drainage hole. If the liver is not required, it can be replaced by abdominal contents, which can also be filled with porous matrix, or active.

Chest Covering Plate: With varying amounts of muscle andThe lateral radiation emitted by individuals with/or adipose tissue may be attenuated to the point of being undetectable. Chest covering panels were developed to ensure the validity of in vivo counts. There are three sets of boards, each with four graded thicknesses. One group is equivalent to 87% fat and 13% muscle, another is equivalent to 50% fat and 50% muscle, and the third is equivalent to 100% muscle. Each material and/or each thickness of sheet is available individually.

Target: Three sets of concentric circles drawn in black ink on the torso covering and on each chest covering. Their variation range is1 inch. increments starting at 1 inch. to 5 inches. In diameter, it's 5.5 inches. diameter of the outer circle. Place a set of circles over each lung area, with the outer circle tangential to the underside of the clavicle and projecting over the sternum. The third group was placed over the liver. A 2 cm2 grid was projected in red ink over most of the chest surface, using the same technique as the circle. All goals in allMotifare consistent in both.

Isotopes: RSD typically produces active organs containing isotopes to meet user needs. Active capsules can fit into the mesh holes, or empty capsules can be provided for the user to fill. The RSD usually supplies the required isotopes, but the user can provide them if desired. Some isotopes are only produced every other year, so delivery is subject to availability. In some cases, calibration costs from government sources fluctuate significantly. Isotopes are generally accepted as calibration solutions and are traceable to NIST. Organ loading was controlled by micropipetting of calibration solutions. Uranus and plutonic stars can be traced back to NIST by mass. Other isotopes can usually be traced by their activity.