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Detailed introduction
Fixed energy response function analysis with multiple efficiencies(FRAM)Code for high purity germanium(HPGe)detector, now, new6.1version,FRAM can be used forLaBr3andCZTModerate resolution gamma ray spectrometer(MRGS)detector.LaBr3andCZT DetectiveThe detector can operate at room temperature, is more compact, and is easy to use and maintain. With version 6.1FRAM, these detectors are now capable of isotope analysis of uranium and plutonium samples, which is very useful in the security field.
Advanced isotope abundance analysis software for HPGe gamma ray spectroscopy
FRAM code has been evolving at Los Alamos National Laboratory since the mid-1980s. It analyzes the use of germanium,LaBr3orCZTDetector, which acquires gamma-ray spectra from items containing plutonium or uranium or both, and quantifies the distribution of plutonium or uranium isotopes. 241 Am and other transuranic isotopes (including uranium in mixed uranium-plutonium oxides) also contribute measurable gamma rays to the spectrum, which can also be quantified relative to plutonium.
It also analyzes the spectra of materials containing only uranium and can quantify the uranium isotope distribution. These measurements can be made on samples of any size, geometry and physical and chemical composition.
Easy-to-use Windows user interface
ORTEC FRAM is a member of the ORTEC CONNECTIONS family of products. It operates within the ORTEC CONNECTIONS spectrometer architecture, providing greater flexibility in the choice of MCA hardware, including the DSPEC 50/50A and DSPEC 502/502A digital spectrometers and integrated spectrometers such as the Detective, trans-SPEC and IDM series.
The highly graphical FRAM user interface conforms to Windows conventions and is easy to use. Version 5.1 features a new look that provides a single interface for all data display for simplicity. A single dialog bar controls all aspects of spectrum and results display, allowing users to easily verify the quality of their data or analysis without leaving the main FRAM window.
FRAM provides acquisition control for all MCA hardware supported by ORTEC CONNECTIONS. The ORTEC MAESTRO-Pro MCA software program is used for hardware system setup before use and can be removed from the PC to protect the MCB from changes.
FRAM analysis capabilities
Sample type
The versatility of FRAM and its ability to analyze a variety of samples stems from its reliance on universal analytical algorithms. The specific information needed to guide the analysis is encoded as a set of parameters and stored in a database. This information includes the regions and peaks to be examined, the isotopes used in the analysis, and special information for performing a variety of diagnostic tests on the spectrum. For well-characterized "regular" analysis samples, a single analysis parameter set can be easily constructed; for less well-known samples, an automatic mode is provided in which the sample parameter set is determined iteratively in an automated manner.
FRAMversion6.1The parameter set in is the same asFRAMParameter sets from earlier versions are backward compatible.
Analytical methods
FRAM analyzes peaks from plutonium or uranium gamma-ray spectra. The spectrum contains information from plutonium isotopes 238 Pu Zhi 241 Pu， 241 The peak of Am, and often other isotopes such as 235 U or 237 Np. FRAM combines this information to produce isotope ratios that are independent of sample size, shape, physical and chemical composition, measurement geometry and container characteristics. Results are obtained using only spectral data and known fundamental nuclear constants. Calibration using standards is not required.
Peak Area Determination
FRAM uses a response function method to determine all peak areas, fitting a Gaussian with a single exponential on the low energy side to simulate the gamma ray peak shape and using a Lorentz model to model the X-ray peak.
relative efficiency
FRAM uses separate efficiency curves for each isotope. This allows it to measure the specific power of high-temperature chemical residues, with biases that can be reduced by up to ten times from analyzes that do not use multiple efficiency curves.
FRAM's multiple efficiency characteristics can also be used for other heterogeneous samples. The physical and chemical properties of the sample may not be uniform or even unknown. Items may contain a mixture of solids and powders, and as long as the plutonium is isotopically homogeneous, there will be no ill effects. Physical and empirical efficiency models are provided.
Isotope analysis
The method used is to find a least squares solution to a set of linear equations including peak area, relative efficiency and isotopes as unknowns. This method allows the use of multiple peaks in the analysis, thereby increasing measurement accuracy.
Analysis Parameters Database
The analysis parameter database is very important in terms of the power and flexibility of FRAM. These parameter sets are divided into five categories: peak fitting parameters, gamma ray peaks to search for, energy regions to search for, isotopes to use, and special application constants. Can easily accommodate multiple parameter sets.
Automatic analysis function
The automatic analysis function in FRAM allows spectra to be automatically reanalyzed based on current results, and parameters to be changed. Automated analysis can be started from any parameter set and used with plutonium and uranium in all energy ranges. Users are free to program analyzes (via application constants in parameter sets) to determine material properties such as: shielding, MOX, plutonium burnup, uranium enrichment, interfering isotopes or heterogeneity. For example, after analyzing the middle energy region (120 – 500 keV) of the plutonium spectrum, it can examine the lower energy (~100 keV) and higher energy (~700 keV) regions to see if those are more favorable.
Plutonium or uranium analysis
It is possible to set parameter sets for uranium (only) spectra. In this case, the different isotopes are calculatedAbundance, and the format of the summary is different.
estimate 242Pu
242 The estimation of Pu is done using a correlation model using industry standard formulas with user specified parameters. Their values can be stored in any parameter set used for analysis. This model works for most commonly used correlations 242Pu.
Decay correction for isotope fractions
For samples at least 5 years old, 241 The 14.35 year half-life of Pu can lead to 242 Significant changes in the Pu part, if not calculated, can result in 239 4% in Pu scoreleft and rightof(relative) error.
FRAM can attenuate and correct the isotope composition of Pu and Am.
Command line operation mode
The command line operating mode is suitable for users who wish to incorporate FRAM into their own applications. This mode allows the user to create a very simple interface for the FRAM analysis engine.
Measure - Compare Options
This option allows the user to directly compare analysis results with attenuation-corrected declared values. The difference between the measured and declared values is expressed as the standard deviation of the measured and declared values.
FRAM V6.1 analysis improvements
Germanium Detector Requirements
FRAM can perform complete isotope analysis using a single plane or a single coaxial detector. The benefits of being able to operate with a single HPGe detector are clear: cost, space, convenience, ease of use and reliability. When used with "traditional" single plane detectors, it is often (but not always) used to collect and analyze data in the 120 and 420 keV range.
The visible energy range for use with coaxial detectors is 0 - 1024 keV. A variety of analysis modes are available across this wide range of data. if120KeV - 200 keV range is available, FRAM will be in120KeV - 450 keVanalyzed within the scope. If this is not possible (for example, if the sample is shielded or in a thick-walled container), FRAM can still obtain a complete analysis using only gamma rays above 200keV from a single coaxial detector.
The size of the detector depends on the application expected to be encountered. If all the items being measured are unshielded or "thin-walled", then a flat detector is usually the detector of choice. If you encounter shielded containers, thick-walled containers, or a mixture of all container types, a single coaxial detector is ideal. ORTEC Safeguards series HPGe detectors are highly recommended.
ORTEC Detective and trans-SPEC portable spectrometers have proven to be very effective in many applications. FRAM software includes ORTEC Detective's start-up analysis parameter set.
Password protection and security
Access control systems in FRAM store a list of users, their passwords and the access rights granted to them. Three items listed in the Edit menu are protected by this mechanism: the Parameters option, the General Defaults option, and the User List. When all these options are running, the user will be asked for a name and password. If the security check fails, control returns to the main menu.
Output displays and lists
Three levels of output display (short results, intermediate results and long results) can be selected in the FRAM dialog bar and all analysis results displayed in the FRAM window. After each analysis, a screen copy of the short results is automatically sent to the monitor.
Prerequisites
As a member of the CONNECTIONS family, FRAM-BW can run normally on any system that supports CONNECTIONS compatible hardware. The software runs under all currently supported Windows operating systems. Windows 7 64-bit hardware compatibility applies to all ORTEC instruments using USB and TCP/IP connections. Windows 7 and XP 32-bit operating systems also support these instruments as well as other legacy hardware.
FRAM V6.1yes2013released inV5.2major upgrade. In addition to increasingLaBr3andCZTSpectral analysis capabilities,FRAM V.6.1It also improves usability, sustainability, compatibility, maintainability, etc.
Advanced isotope abundance analysis software for HPGe gamma ray spectroscopy
- Analyze Pu and a variety of heterogeneous samples containing Pu, Am, U and other nuclides, including 242 Pu。
- Available withLaBr3、CZTandHPGe explorationrun together with the detector, includingORTEC exploredetector andtrans-SPECSeries detectors
- Can read files in N42 format
- Operates with a single HPGe detector, including ORTEC Detective & trans-SPEC capable family.
- No calibration standards required.
- Use shielding body.
- Choose from a wide range of provided samples/geometry, or add more types.
- Automatic analysis function for samples with unknown characteristics.
- Command line mode of operation allows easy incorporation into other applications.
- automatic readingORTEC 'chn '，ORTEC 'spc ', Canberra' cnf ', Canberra' mca '，IAEA 'spe 'andASCII 'txt 'File
- Convert spectra from one energy calibration to another and convert multiple spectra from one format to another
- Windows 64-bit and 32-bit compatible.
- Significant improvements over previous versions.
FRAM code has been evolving at Los Alamos National Laboratory since the mid-1980s. It analyzes the use of germanium,LaBr3orCZTDetector, which acquires gamma-ray spectra from items containing plutonium or uranium or both, and quantifies the distribution of plutonium or uranium isotopes. 241 Am and other transuranic isotopes (including uranium in mixed uranium-plutonium oxides) also contribute measurable gamma rays to the spectrum, which can also be quantified relative to plutonium.
It also analyzes the spectra of materials containing only uranium and can quantify the uranium isotope distribution. These measurements can be made on samples of any size, geometry and physical and chemical composition.
Easy-to-use Windows user interface
ORTEC FRAM is a member of the ORTEC CONNECTIONS family of products. It operates within the ORTEC CONNECTIONS spectrometer architecture, providing greater flexibility in the choice of MCA hardware, including the DSPEC 50/50A and DSPEC 502/502A digital spectrometers and integrated spectrometers such as the Detective, trans-SPEC and IDM series.
The highly graphical FRAM user interface conforms to Windows conventions and is easy to use. Version 5.1 features a new look that provides a single interface for all data display for simplicity. A single dialog bar controls all aspects of spectrum and results display, allowing users to easily verify the quality of their data or analysis without leaving the main FRAM window.
FRAM provides acquisition control for all MCA hardware supported by ORTEC CONNECTIONS. The ORTEC MAESTRO-Pro MCA software program is used for hardware system setup before use and can be removed from the PC to protect the MCB from changes.
FRAM analysis capabilities
Sample type
The versatility of FRAM and its ability to analyze a variety of samples stems from its reliance on universal analytical algorithms. The specific information needed to guide the analysis is encoded as a set of parameters and stored in a database. This information includes the regions and peaks to be examined, the isotopes used in the analysis, and special information for performing a variety of diagnostic tests on the spectrum. For well-characterized "regular" analysis samples, a single analysis parameter set can be easily constructed; for less well-known samples, an automatic mode is provided in which the sample parameter set is determined iteratively in an automated manner.
FRAMversion6.1The parameter set in is the same asFRAMParameter sets from earlier versions are backward compatible.
Analytical methods
FRAM analyzes peaks from plutonium or uranium gamma-ray spectra. The spectrum contains information from plutonium isotopes 238 Pu Zhi 241 Pu， 241 The peak of Am, and often other isotopes such as 235 U or 237 Np. FRAM combines this information to produce isotope ratios that are independent of sample size, shape, physical and chemical composition, measurement geometry and container characteristics. Results are obtained using only spectral data and known fundamental nuclear constants. Calibration using standards is not required.
Peak Area Determination
FRAM uses a response function method to determine all peak areas, fitting a Gaussian with a single exponential on the low energy side to simulate the gamma ray peak shape and using a Lorentz model to model the X-ray peak.
relative efficiency
FRAM uses separate efficiency curves for each isotope. This allows it to measure the specific power of high-temperature chemical residues, with biases that can be reduced by up to ten times from analyzes that do not use multiple efficiency curves.
FRAM's multiple efficiency characteristics can also be used for other heterogeneous samples. The physical and chemical properties of the sample may not be uniform or even unknown. Items may contain a mixture of solids and powders, and as long as the plutonium is isotopically homogeneous, there will be no ill effects. Physical and empirical efficiency models are provided.
Isotope analysis
The method used is to find a least squares solution to a set of linear equations including peak area, relative efficiency and isotopes as unknowns. This method allows the use of multiple peaks in the analysis, thereby increasing measurement accuracy.
Analysis Parameters Database
The analysis parameter database is very important in terms of the power and flexibility of FRAM. These parameter sets are divided into five categories: peak fitting parameters, gamma ray peaks to search for, energy regions to search for, isotopes to use, and special application constants. Can easily accommodate multiple parameter sets.
Automatic analysis function
The automatic analysis function in FRAM allows spectra to be automatically reanalyzed based on current results, and parameters to be changed. Automated analysis can be started from any parameter set and used with plutonium and uranium in all energy ranges. Users are free to program analyzes (via application constants in parameter sets) to determine material properties such as: shielding, MOX, plutonium burnup, uranium enrichment, interfering isotopes or heterogeneity. For example, after analyzing the middle energy region (120 – 500 keV) of the plutonium spectrum, it can examine the lower energy (~100 keV) and higher energy (~700 keV) regions to see if those are more favorable.
Plutonium or uranium analysis
It is possible to set parameter sets for uranium (only) spectra. In this case, the different isotopes are calculatedAbundance, and the format of the summary is different.
estimate 242Pu
242 The estimation of Pu is done using a correlation model using industry standard formulas with user specified parameters. Their values can be stored in any parameter set used for analysis. This model works for most commonly used correlations 242Pu.
Decay correction for isotope fractions
For samples at least 5 years old, 241 The 14.35 year half-life of Pu can lead to 242 Significant changes in the Pu part, if not calculated, can result in 239 4% in Pu scoreleft and rightof(relative) error.
FRAM can attenuate and correct the isotope composition of Pu and Am.
Command line operation mode
The command line operating mode is suitable for users who wish to incorporate FRAM into their own applications. This mode allows the user to create a very simple interface for the FRAM analysis engine.
Measure - Compare Options
This option allows the user to directly compare analysis results with attenuation-corrected declared values. The difference between the measured and declared values is expressed as the standard deviation of the measured and declared values.
FRAM V6.1 analysis improvements
- Measure | Sum dialog: several spectra can be superimposed
- Measure | Convert dialog box:Convert spectra from one energy calibration to another. Can also be used to convert multiple spectra from one format to another
- Measure|Widen dialog box:Smooth or broaden spectrum
- Ability to use background spectrum to subtract peak background
- measuring|Get and measure|Measure centerMCAAdd new detector to combobox/MCA“instantaneous simulation”. The detector will immediately generate a spectrum from the main spectrum. it is consistent with the existing“Simulation”MCASomewhat different, the latter generates a spectrum from the main spectrum, but the data is updated in the same way as using a real detector/MCAThe actual data collection is done in a similar way
- U235total peak correction forXUranium analysis in the ray region
- Fluorescent X-ray Uranium/Plutonium Ratio
- Add a quadratic step background
- Limit/The ability to constrain the shape of the efficiency curve
- When the peakFWHMgreater than32channel(Default)when,FRAMThe peak will be ignored and will not be fitted
- Fitting parameters”in the dialog boxFWHMThe formula and the tail formula change from channel-dependent tokeV, making them independent of energy calibration
- Extended tail model for better fitCZTThe large tail of the spectral peak
- Physically heterogeneous efficiency models now use true heterogeneous models or adopt1/Model of energy factors. Empirical heterogeneous efficiency models still use1/energy factor
- real real time and real time
- force“secondaryBackground”concave downward
Germanium Detector Requirements
FRAM can perform complete isotope analysis using a single plane or a single coaxial detector. The benefits of being able to operate with a single HPGe detector are clear: cost, space, convenience, ease of use and reliability. When used with "traditional" single plane detectors, it is often (but not always) used to collect and analyze data in the 120 and 420 keV range.
The visible energy range for use with coaxial detectors is 0 - 1024 keV. A variety of analysis modes are available across this wide range of data. if120KeV - 200 keV range is available, FRAM will be in120KeV - 450 keVanalyzed within the scope. If this is not possible (for example, if the sample is shielded or in a thick-walled container), FRAM can still obtain a complete analysis using only gamma rays above 200keV from a single coaxial detector.
The size of the detector depends on the application expected to be encountered. If all the items being measured are unshielded or "thin-walled", then a flat detector is usually the detector of choice. If you encounter shielded containers, thick-walled containers, or a mixture of all container types, a single coaxial detector is ideal. ORTEC Safeguards series HPGe detectors are highly recommended.
ORTEC Detective and trans-SPEC portable spectrometers have proven to be very effective in many applications. FRAM software includes ORTEC Detective's start-up analysis parameter set.
Password protection and security
Access control systems in FRAM store a list of users, their passwords and the access rights granted to them. Three items listed in the Edit menu are protected by this mechanism: the Parameters option, the General Defaults option, and the User List. When all these options are running, the user will be asked for a name and password. If the security check fails, control returns to the main menu.
Output displays and lists
Three levels of output display (short results, intermediate results and long results) can be selected in the FRAM dialog bar and all analysis results displayed in the FRAM window. After each analysis, a screen copy of the short results is automatically sent to the monitor.
Prerequisites
As a member of the CONNECTIONS family, FRAM-BW can run normally on any system that supports CONNECTIONS compatible hardware. The software runs under all currently supported Windows operating systems. Windows 7 64-bit hardware compatibility applies to all ORTEC instruments using USB and TCP/IP connections. Windows 7 and XP 32-bit operating systems also support these instruments as well as other legacy hardware.
